Figures from the monitoring report

On this page, you will find all the charts and figures from the monitoring report “Renewable Energy in Transport”, clearly organised by chapter. You can use the chapter overview to go directly to the section you require. If you would like to download all the figures and charts together, please use the download button below.

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Chapter selection

Summary
Chapter 1: The challenge of the energy transition in transport
Chapter 2: Transport and its infrastructure
Chapter 3: Political and legal framework
Chapter 4: Production technologies for the provision of renewable fuels
Chapter 5: Resources and their mobilisation
Chapter 6: Market indicators
Chapter 7: Application
Chapter 8: Environmental assessment
Chapter 9: Economic evaluation and assessment

Summary

Graphical Abstract to the Monitoring Report ‘Renewable Energies in Transport'

Fig. S-1 on page 3

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Chapter 1: The challenge of the energy transition in transport

When using the illustrations in Chapter 1, please cite them as follows:

Schröder, J.; Görsch, K.; Lenz, C. N. (2026): The challenge of energy transition in transport. In: Schröder, J.; Görsch, K. (eds.): Renewable Energies in Transport. Monitoring Report. pp. 5-21. Leipzig: DBFZ. ISBN: 978-3-949807-36-7. DOI: 10.48480/45hp-x131

Final energy consumption and demand by 2050 in transport

Fig. 1-1 on page 7

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Reference refinery for the production of renewable fuels, chemicals and plastics

Fig. 1-2 on page 9

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Comparison of energy demand in 2045/2050 and demand for resources and technical systems for the supply of electricity, hydrogen and fuels according to the base scenario; framework: world, EU and Germany

Fig. 1-3 on page 10

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Relative change in global plant demand in scenarios #1 to #6 compared to the baseline scenario

Fig. 1-4 on page 11

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Chapter 2: Transport and its infrastructure

When using the illustrations in Chapter 2, please cite them as follows:

Schröder, J.; Görsch, K. (2026): Transport and its infrastructure. In: Schröder, J.; Görsch, K. (eds.): Renewable Energies in Transport. Monitoring Report. pp. 22-32. Leipzig: DBFZ. ISBN: 978-3-949807-36-7. DOI: 10.48480/45hp-x131

Modal split of transport performance for passenger transport

Fig. 2-1 on page 24

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Modal split of transport performance for freight transport

Fig. 2-2 on page 24

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Share of zero-emission vehicles

Fig. 2-3 on page 25

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Number of new car registrations in Germany, divided according to powertrain type

Fig. 2-4 on page 25

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Deep-sea vessels on order (worldwide) from 2024

Fig. 2-5 on page 26

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Fleet of agricultural and forestry vehicles in Germany

Fig. 2-6 auf Seite 27

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Vehicle-specific energy consumption in freight and passenger transport

Fig. 2-7 on page 28

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Average vehicle age, broken down according to mode of transport

Fig. 2-8 on page 28

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Availability of alternative fuels at petrol stations, reference year 2023

Fig. 2-9 on page 29

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Statistics on normal and fast charging points within the public sector

Fig. 2-10 on page 29

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Bunker infrastructure for LNG in the shipping industry

Fig. 2-11 on page 30

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Final energy consumption transport worldwide

Fig. 2-12 on page 30

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Final energy consumption in the transport sector EU-27

Fig. 2-13 on page 31

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Final energy consumption transport sector Germany

Fig. 2-14 on page 31

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Development of GHG emissions from transport and the total inventory

Fig. 2-15 on page 32

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Development and target achievement of GHG emissions in Germany

Fig. 2-16 on page 32

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Chapter 3: Political and legal framework

When using the illustrations in Chapter 3, please cite them as follows:

Dögnitz, N.; Görsch, K.; Naumann, K. (2026): Political and legal framework. In: Schröder, J.; Görsch, K. (eds.): Renewable Energies in Transport. Monitoring Report. pp. 33-53. Leipzig: DBFZ. ISBN: 978-3-949807-36-7. DOI: 10.48480/45hp-x131

Overview of key legal framework conditions in the transport sector

Fig. 3-1 on page 34

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Overview of existing legal framework conditions for fuel production and trade

Fig. 3-2 on page 36

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Overview of the revised Renewable Energy Directive, drawn up in the Innofuels project, updated version on the (InnoFuels-Website)

Fig. 3-3 on page 37

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Framework conditions for the procurement of electricity from renewable fuels of non-biogenic origin pursuant to DA (EU) 2023/1184 (related to Germany)

Fig. 3-4 on page 38

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Selected national quotas and targets in Europe for the years 2024 and 2030

Fig. 3-5 on page 38

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Overview of the German Federal Immission Control Act as implementation of REDII ((EU) 2018/2001) in Germany, drawn up in the Innofuels project, updated version on the (InnoFuels-Website)

Fig. 3-6 on page 39

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Quota proof and trading in Germany (transfer of obligation fulfilment to third parties)

Fig. 3-7 on page 40

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Explanatory formulas for calculating the GHG quota for Germany as of 2022 and according to revised REDII as of 2023

Fig. 3-8 on page 41

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Overview of ReFuelEU Aviation, drawn up in the Innofuels project, updated version on the (InnoFuels-Website)

Fig. 3-9 on page 43

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Overview of CORSIA, drawn up in the Innofuels project, updated version on the (InnoFuels-Website)

Fig. 3-10 on page 44

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Overview of the FuelEU Maritime, drawn up in the Innofuels project, updated on the (InnoFuels-Website)

Fig. 3-11 on page 45

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Overview of the 2023 IMO Strategy on Reduction of GHG Emissions from Ships, drawn up in the Innofuels project, updated version on the (InnoFuels-Website)

Fig. 3-12 on page 46

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Overview of the Emissions Trading System, drawn up in the Innofuels project, updated version on the (InnoFuels-Website)

Fig. 3-13 on page 47

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Overview of the Fuel Emissions Trading Act, drawn up in the Innofuels project, updated version on the (InnoFuels-Website)

Fig. 3-14 on page 48

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Overview of the Energy Taxation Directive, drawn up in the Innofuels project, updated version on the (InnoFuels-Website)

Fig. 3-15 on page 49

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Overview of the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR), drawn up in the Innofuels project, updated version on the (InnoFuels-Website)

Fig. 3-16 on page 50

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Overview of the Clean Vehicles Directive (CVD) and the Clean Vehicles Procurement Act, drawn up in the Innofuels project, updated version on the (InnoFuels-Website)

Fig. 3-17 on page 52

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Overview of fleet limits, drawn up in the Innofuels project, updated version on (InnoFuels-Website)

Fig. 3-18 on page 53

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Chapter 4: Production technologies for the provision of renewable fuels

When using the illustrations in Chapter 4, please cite them as follows:

Hauschild, S.; Costa de Paiva, G.; Tuschewitzki, W.; Prieß, T.; Mendler, F.; Neuling, U.; Zitscher, T.; Klüpfel, C.; Köchermann, J.; Thuneke, K.; Görsch, K. (2025): Technologien zur Kraftstoffbereitstellung. In: Schröder, J.; Görsch, K. (Hrsg.) (2025). Erneuerbare Energien im Verkehr: Monitoringbericht. Leipzig: DBFZ. 205 S. ISBN: 978-3-949807-23-7. DOI: 10.48480/w11j-9w27 S. 54–76.

Comparison of technology readiness level (TRL) and fuel readiness level (FRL)

Fig. 4-1 on page 55

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Provision options for renewable fuels for the transport sector — depiction of the respective resources, processes, technology readiness level (TRL) and resulting energy sources

Fig. 4-2 on page 56

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Schematic depiction of process routes for the provision of ethanol from resources containing sugar, starch and lignocellulose

Fig. 4-3 on page 57

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Schematic depiction of the alcohol-to-jet process

Fig. 4-4 on page 58

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Schematic depiction of a process route for the provision of biogas and corresponding downstream products

Fig. 4-5 on page 59

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Schematic depiction of an industrial process route for the provision of vegetable oil

Fig. 4-6 on page 60

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Schematic depiction of a process route for the provision of FAME

Fig. 4-7 on page 61

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Schematic depiction of a process route for the provision of HVO/HEFA fuels

Fig. 4-8 on page 62

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Schematic depiction of a process route for the provision of synthesis gas using thermochemical gasification

Fig. 4-10 on page 64

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Schematic depiction of a process route for the provision of fuels using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Fig. 4-13 on page 68

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Schematic depiction of a process route for the provision of methane via catalytic methanation

Fig. 4-14 on page 69

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Schematic depiction of process routes for the provision of methanol and selected downstream products

Fig. 4-15 on page 69

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Schematic depiction of a process route for the provision of ammonia using biogenic resources

Fig. 4-16 on page 71

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Schematic depiction of a process route for the provision of HTL fuels

Fig. 4-17 on page 71

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Schematic representation of process routes for the provision of pyrolysis biocrude and downstream products

Fig. 4-18 on page 72

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Potential locations of co-refining of biogenic resources in fossil refineries, highly simplified example illustration with a focus on fuel production

Fig. 4-19 one page 74

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Schematic depiction of the process route for the provision of renewable methane in the pilot plant of the ‘Pilot SBG’ project

Fig. 4-20 on page 75

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Chapter 5: Resources and their mobilisation

When using the illustrations in Chapter 1, please cite them as follows:

Naumann, K.; Cyffka, K.-F.; Costa de Paiva, G.; Nieß, S.; Neuling, U.; Zitscher, T. (2026): Resources and their mobilisation. In: Schröder, J.; Görsch, K. (eds.): Renewable Energies in Transport. Monitoring Report. pp. 77-100. Leipzig: DBFZ. ISBN: 978-3-949807-36-7. DOI: 10.48480/45hp-x131

Resources for the production of renewable fuels

Fig. 5-1 on page 78

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Multi-product-system using the example of sugar cane utilisation

Fig. 5-2 on page 80

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Circular economy using the example of vegetable oil

Fig. 5-3 on page 81

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Resources for utilisation (Germany) and production (Europe, worldwide) of FAME and HVO diesel in 2023

Fig. 5-4 on page 82

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Resources for the utilisation (Germany) and production (Europe, worldwide) of bioethanol in 2023

Fig. 5-5 on page 83

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Biofuels from advanced and waste-based resources, used as fuel in Germany in 2022 and 2023 in PJ

Fig. 5-6 on page 83

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Origin of biomass for fuels used in Germany in the years 2020 to 2023 in PJ

Fig. 5-7 on page 84

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Biofuel consumption by their resource base for the EU 27 in 2022

Fig. 5-8 on page 84

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Shares of renewable energy carriers in consumption in the transport sector for the years 2024 to 2050; assumption: exclusively green hydrogen imports

Fig. 5-9 on page 85

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Comparison of production capacities, resource base and demand volumes (scenarios) for biofuels in the EU in 2023, 2030 and 2050

Fig. 5-10 on page 86

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Hierarchy and overlaps of the different categories of resource potentials in general (left) and specifically for biomass (right)

Fig. 5-11 on page 87

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Comparison of biomass potentials for Germany based on different studies

Fig. 5-12 on page 88

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Comparison of biomass potentials for the EU based on different studies

Fig. 5-13 on page 88

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Available bioresource potential broken down according to main feedstock categories worldwide

Fig. 5-14 on page 89

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Supply of electrical energy from renewable sources worldwide, Europe and Germany

Fig. 5-15 on page 89

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Technical resource potential of CO2 point sources across the globe, in Europe and in Germany

Fig. 5-16 on page 90

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Biogenic CO2 point sources in Germany broken down according to federal state

Fig. 5-22 on page 93

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Biogenic CO2 point sources worldwide

Fig. 5-23 on page 94

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Potential for PTG (methane) in Germany and Europe based on CO2 point sources in 2017

Fig. 5-24 on page 98

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Potential for PTL (methanol) in Germany and Europe based on CO2 point sources in 2017

Fig. 5-25 on page 98

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Potential and requirements as well as the ensuing challenges along the supply and utilisation chain of renewable energy carriers and fuels for the transport sector

Fig. 5-26 on page 99

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Global production of suitable crops in 2018

Fig. A-1 on page 191

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Biomass origin of biofuels used in Germany in 2020

Fig. A-2 on page 190

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Biomass origin of biofuels used in Germany in 2023

Fig. A-3 on page 190

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Production origin of biofuels used in Germany in 2023

Fig. A-4 on page 192

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Feedstock of FAME and HVO diesel used in Germany

Fig. A-5 on page 192

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Feedstock of bioethanol fuel used in Germany

Figb. A-6 on page 192

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Feedstock of biomethane used as fuel in Germany; note: significantly varying water content of the specific feedstocks

Fig. A-7 on page 192

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Feedstock of FAME and HVO diesel used in the EU

Fig. A-8 on page 193

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Feedstock of bioethanol fuel used in the EU

Fig. A-9 on page 193

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Feedstock of FAME and HVO diesel used worldwide

Fig. A-10 on page 195

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Feedstock of bioethanol fuel used worldwide

Fig. A-11 on page 195

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Global harvested area, crop yields and total production as well as percentage of use in biofuel production for selected biomasses in 1961 and 2018

Fig. A-12 on page 196

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Global demand for methanol

Fig. A-13 on page 196

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Global maize production and its area of utilisation

Fig. A-14 on page 197

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Global palm oil production and its areas of use

Fig. A-15 on page 197

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Estimation of global black liquor production by energy content, and the usable quantity for the production of biofuels as well as estimation of methanol produced in the power process

Fig. A-16 on page 198

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Overall efficiency of e-fuels

Fig. A-17 on page 202

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Chapter 6: Market indicators

When using the illustrations in Chapter 6, please cite them as follows:

Schröder, J.; Görsch, K.; Naumann, K.; Costa de Paiva, G. (2026): Market indicators. In: Schröder, J.; Görsch, K. (eds.): Renewable Energies in Transport. Monitoring Report. pp. 101-112. Leipzig: DBFZ. ISBN: 978-3-949807-36-7. DOI: 10.48480/45hp-x131

Global final energy consumption in the transport sector according to energy carrier for the years 1990 and 2021

Fig. 6-1 on page 102

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Bioethanol — global, European and German production capacities in 2024

Fig. 6-2 on page 103

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Lignocellulose ethanol — global, European and German production capacities in 2024

Fig. 6-3 on page 103

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Biodiesel (FAME) — global, European and German production capacities in 2024

Fig. 6-4 on page 103

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HEFA fuels (including co-refining) — global and European production capacities in 2024 and planned plant expansions up to 2030

Fig. 6-5 on page 103

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Biomethane — global and European production capacities in existing plants in 2024, without representation of plants under construction or planned plants and plant expansions, without claiming to be exhaustive

Fig. 6-6 on page 104

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Bio-LNG — global and European production capacities in existing, under construction and planned plants in 2024, without claiming to be exhaustive

Fig. 6-7 on page 104

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Sustainable aviation fuels — global and European production capacities in existing and planned plants in 2024

Fig. 6-8 on page 105

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Renewable hydrogen — global production capacities in existing and planned plants in 2024, capacities not exclusively for use in the transport sector

Fig. 6-9 on page 105

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Weitere erneuerbare Kraftstoffoptionen – weltweite Produktionskapazitäten von bestehenden und geplanten Anlagen im Jahr 2024

Fig. 6-10 on page 105

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Development of biofuel produced worldwide

Fig. 6-11 on page 106

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Bioethanol for use as a fuel — global and European production volumes in 2023

Fig. 6-12 on page 106

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Biodiesel (FAME) — global and European production volumes in 2023

Fig. 6-13 on page 107

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HVO/HEFA diesel — global and European production volumes in 2023

Fig. 6-14 on page 107

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Bioethanol — trade balance, representation also includes bioethanol used as a material

Fig. 6-15 on page 108

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Biodiesel (FAME) — trade balance

Fig. 6-16 on page 108

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HVO/HEFA diesel — trade balance

Fig. 6-17 on page 108

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Production countries for biofuels from primary biogenic products to fulfil the German GHG quota in 2023

Fig. 6-18 on page 110

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Production countries for biofuels from biogenic waste and residues to fulfil the German GHG quota in 2023

Fig. 6-19 on page 110

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Use of renewable energy carriers in 2022; note: share of global renewable electricity in the transport sector on the basis of 2021

Fig. 6-20 on page 111

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Biofuel use in Germany

Fig. 6-21 on page 111

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Monthly price and consumption of petrol (E27) and bioethanol (E100) in Brazil between 2002 and 2024

Fig. 6-22 on page 112

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Chapter 7: Application

When using the illustrations in Chapter 7, please cite them as follows:

Schröder, J.; Görsch, K.; Remmele, E.; Emberger, P.; Thuneke, K. (2026): Application. In: Schröder, J.; Görsch, K. (eds.): Renewable Energies in Transport. Monitoring Report. pp. 113-130. Leipzig: DBFZ. ISBN: 978-3-949807-36-7. DOI: 10.48480/45hp-x131

Fuel options for road vehicles in addition to EN 228 petrol (E0, E5, E10) and EN 590 diesel (B7)

Fig. 7-1 on page 114

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Development of E85 fuel in France

Fig. 7-6 on page 130

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Chapter 8: Environmental assessment

When using the illustrations in Chapter 8, please cite them as follows:

Götz, I. K.; Meisel K.; Schröder, J.; Remmele, E.; Thuneke, K.; Bauer, C.; Sacchi, R. (2026): Environmental assessment. In: Schröder, J.; Görsch, K. (eds.): Renewable Energies in Transport. Monitoring Report. pp. 131-142. Leipzig: DBFZ. ISBN: 978-3-949807-36-7. DOI: 10.48480/45hp-x131

Boundaries of greenhouse gas accounting according to IPCC and revised REDII

Fig. 8-1 on page 133

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GHG emissions of commercially available fuels

Fig. 8-2 on page 138

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GHG emissions of future energy carriers

Fig. 8-3 on page 139

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Life cycle GHG emissions of a compact passenger car, broken down according to drive energy used

Fig. 8-4 on page 141

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Life cycle GHG emissions of a 40-tonne truck, broken down according to drive energy used

Fig. 8-5 on page 143

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Chapter 9: Economic evaluation and assessment

When using the illustrations in Chapter 9, please cite them as follows:

Dögnitz, N.; Etzold, H. (2026): Economic evaluation and assessment. In: Schröder, J.; Görsch, K. (eds.): Renewable Energies in Transport. Monitoring Report. pp. 143-147. Leipzig: DBFZ. ISBN: 978-3-949807-36-7. DOI: 10.48480/45hp-x131

Simplified illustration for defining the system boundaries in economic accounting

Fig. 9-1 on page 144

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Price development of bioethanol and fossil petrol

Fig. 9-2 on page 144

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Price development of various vegetable oils and derivatives

Fig. 9-3 on page 145

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Production costs of established conversion pathways for HEFA and HVO, as well as bioethanol from lignocellulose

Fig. 9-4 on page 145

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Energy cost comparison

Fig. 9-5 on page 146

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Production costs of renewable energy carriers in the demonstration stage for road transport

Fig. 9-6 on page 146

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Production costs of renewable hydrogen production processes

Fig. 9-7 on page 147

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Production costs of renewable aviation fuels

Fig. 9-8 on page 147

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